Pharmacie - Anatomy - Anglais pharmaceutique
Organ system :
- Brain = Cerveau
- Lungs = Poumons
- Liver = Foie
- Heart = Coeur
- Stomach = Estomac
- Kidney = Rein
- Intestines = Intestins
- Skeletal system = Système squelettique
- Muscular system = Système musculaire
- Nervous system = Système nerveux
- Circulatory system = Système circulatoire
- Eye = Oeil
- Ear = Oreille
- Nasal canal = Canal nasal
Glands :
- Pancreas = Pancréas
- Gall bladder = Vésicule biliaire
- Adrenal gland = Glande surrénale
- Thyroid gland = Glande thyroïde
- Pituitary gland = Glande pituitaire
- Pineal gland = Glande pinéale
- Hypothalamus = Hypothalamus
Common vs Anatomical terms :
Common name Anatomical term
Head Cephalic
Neck Cervical
Skull Cranial
Face Facial
Eye Orbital or Ocular
Ear Otic
Cheek Buccal
Nose Nasal
Mouth Oral
Chin Mental
Chest Thoracic
Abdomen Abdominal
Navel Umbilical
Hip Coxal
Shoulder Acromial
Back Dorsal
Arm pit Auxillary
Arm Brachial
Front of elbow Antecubital
Back of elbow Olecranal
Forearm Antebrachial
Wirst Carpal
Palm Metacarpal
Thumb Pollek
Fingers Digital or phalangeal
Anterior surface of hand Palmar or volar
Posterior surface of hand Dorsal
Thigh Femoral
Front of knee Patellar
Hollow behind knee Popliteal
Leg Crural
Calf Sural
Ankle Tarsal
Toes Digital or phalangeal
Sole of foot Plantar
Heel of foot Calcaneal
Signs and symptoms : minor illnes or major disease ?
Symptom : a clinical change in a person suggestive of disease - perceived by that person , several symptoms may present together to suggest a disease or exclude a disease.
Examples : cough , tiredness , aches , chest pain , breathless , indigestion ( symptoms are more general ) .
Sign : a clinical change in a person , which may be observed by a clinician and indicate a disease.
Examples : changes in skin (colour , marking " jaundice suggests liver disease ) , digutal clubbing , heart murmurs , sounds on listening to lungs ...
Signs and symtoms may be trivial : reflecting either trivial or serious underlying disease .
Example : cough
cough in a 2 year old : viral infection / cough in a 60 year old : lung cancer
2 year old with cough :
- Is it nocturnal ? might be asthma
- Is it productive ? might be bacterial chest infection
- Is it productive of vast quantities of sputum (colour/with blood) ? might be bronchitis due to alveoli being dilated
- Is it a dry cough ? might be a viral infection
60 year old with cough :
- Have they ever smoked ?
- Dry or productive ?
- How long have they had it ?
case 1 : cough of recent onset => viral infection
case 2 : productive cough with green sputum of recent onset => actue bronchitis
case 3 : smoker , productive cough over many years , grey or sometimes green sputum and blood staining , worse in winter => suggests chronic bronchitis with actue infections
case 4 : smoker , persistent dry cough , other signs which may include : coughing up blood , digital clubbing , pleural pain , weight loss , CNS changes including fits => should arouse suspicion of cancer
case 5 : productive cough with blood , weight loss , night sweats => should arouse suspicion of TB ( tuberculosis)
case 6 : cough , breathless at mild exertion or lying down in bed at night => might point to pulmonary oedema ; due heart failure (cardiac asthma)
Chest pains :
- Often musculoskeletal (when no explanation)
- Respiratory (eg: asthma)
- Gastric origin /indigestion , reflux , oesphagitis
relationship to food? (could make better or worse)
relieved by antacids? (peptic , gastric problem)
- Angina / induced by exercise , emotion stress
pains down arm ? pains radiating to jaw ?
relieved by rest
- Heart attack / severe chest pains ,not relieved by rest (call the ambulance )
nausea ?
breathlessness?
Pains down arms , jaw ?
Brethlessness :
- Congenital ,eg : hole in the heart
- Infection ; acute bronchitis , pneumonia
- Inflammatory ; asthma , chronic bronchitis
- Neoplastic ; lung cancer
- Haematological ; anemia
- Psychogenic ; panic attack
- Degenerative ; emphysema , fibrosis
- Cardiac ; myocardial infraction , LV failure
- Thromboembolic ; embolism
- Functional ; exercise , pregnancy , obesity
- Latrogenic ; beta-blockers , NSAIDs
Indigestion :
- Could be acid stomach / dyspepsia
- Overeating
- Reflux oesphagitis
- Peptic ulcer
- Stomach cancer (over 45 years raises suspicion => refer)
- Cardiac origin ?
Role of the pharmacist :
- To respond with advice and where necessary counter prescribe for minor conditions which would respond to OTC (over the counter ) medicines.
- Recognise potentially serious symptoms and refer to GP (general practitioner) or A,E (accident and emergency ).
- In general , the following should be referred :
symptoms that are potentially serious.
persistent symptoms .
patients at risk.
Special groups :
- Babies and very young children
- Elderly
- Diabetics
- Asthmatics
- Pregnant or breast feeding
- Immunocomprur
ce cour est fait par Dr.S.Fiala
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